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語法知識主謂一致的解析
語法是掌握英語的一個基礎(chǔ),打好這個基礎(chǔ)會使你分析文章更容易,也能夠?qū)懗龊芎玫木涫?小編整理了主謂一致的語法點,供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考。
主謂一致
I要點
謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。
1、語法上一致
(1)、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如，To work hard is necessary for a student.
(2)、用and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Both he and I are right.
但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
(3)、主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)，如，The teacher as well as his students is excited.
(4)、某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyone has a book.
(5)、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意義上一致
(1)、表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，如，Twenty years is not a long time.
(2)、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，People are talking about the accident.
(3)、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如指其中每個成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如，My family is a big one.
My family are watching TV.
3、鄰近一致
用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致，如，Either you or I am mad.
II.例題
例1、The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意思上是單數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用單數(shù)，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.
A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個詞組作主語謂語用單數(shù)如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語，謂語要隨each前面的詞來變化。
主謂一致
主謂一致即謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語保持一致。人稱指的是主語作為第一、第二、第三等不同人稱時，謂語動詞的變化；數(shù)指的是謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化。
總的來說，主謂一致有以下 3 個指導(dǎo)原則：
語法一致：主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語必須采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Both teachers have their own merits.
The boy has a cute sister.
意義一致：主語和謂語的關(guān)系不取決于語法上的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，而是取決于主語的單復(fù)數(shù)意義。例如：
The family are all fond of football.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society.
就近原則：這一原則是指，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致。例如：
Not only he but also all his family are keen on music.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about the news.
1.以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞作主語時的主謂一致問題
1)以 s 結(jié)尾的疾病名稱和游戲名稱，這些名詞通常當單數(shù)用；
Arthritis is a disease causing pain in the joints of the body.
Darts is essentially an easy game.
注意：個別表示游戲名稱的名詞作復(fù)數(shù)用，如：
Cards are not allowed at school.2
2)以 s 結(jié)尾的地理名稱，國名用單數(shù)，群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等用復(fù)數(shù)；
The United States is a developed country.
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
3)以 ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，通常做單數(shù)用；
Physics is an important subject in middle school.
Maths is the study of numbers.
Tactics is an important study for the soldiers.
4)其他以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞；
a.由兩個部分組成的物體名稱通常是以 s 結(jié)尾，如 scissors，trousers 等。這一類名詞，通常做復(fù)數(shù)用；帶一把、一條等則做單數(shù)用。
The scissors on your desk are very sharp.
Wendys new trousers are a little bit expensive.
One pair of scissors isnt enough.
How much is this pair of trousers?
b.以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞如： contents、fireworks、goods、stairs 等通常做復(fù)數(shù)。
The contents of this book are fascinating.
The goods provided by this company are the best.3
c.由 ings 結(jié)尾的名詞，如 earrings、diggings、surroundings 等，通常用做復(fù)數(shù)。
Her earrings are the highest in our company.
Maybe your surroundings are starting to affect you.
d.以 s 結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同行的名詞，如 headquarters、species、remains 等。隨后動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名詞是用做單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)；
A headquarters needs to be set up in China to direct the operation.
Their headquarters are in Beijing.
A new species of mammal has been found in Hongkong.
There are 450 species of flatfish are known.
The old mans remains lie in the backyard.
Here is the remains of the temple.
2.以集體名詞作主語時的主謂一致問題
1)通常做復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞；如：police，cattle，people 等。
The police are looking for him.
People live longer and longer.
2)通常做不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞；如：machinery、equipment、merchandise 等。
The machinery is driven by electricity.
This equipment has saved the lives of a number of new born children.
3)既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞；如：class、family、 public等。
The family is rich.
My family all like playing football.
4)“a committee of 等+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”通常用做單數(shù)。
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm.
3.以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時的主謂一致問題
1)由 and/both…and 連接的并列主語，通常用做復(fù)數(shù)。
Wendy and Blair are going to HongKong tomorrow.
Both Wendy and Blair have a little sister. 注意：如果做主語的并列結(jié)果表示單數(shù)意義，則動詞用單數(shù)，如：
Ham and egg is a good breakfast.
2)由 or/either…or/neither nor 等連接的并列主語，隨后的動詞形式按就近原則處理。
My two sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
My brother or my two sisters are likely be at home.
Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
Neither the players nor the coach was overconfident.
Neither the coach nor the players were overconfident.
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.
Not only the old wiring but also the switches have been changed.5
3)主語+as much as/rather than/more than 等引導(dǎo)從句時，隨后的動詞形式依主語本身的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.
His brother rather than his parents is to blame.
My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.
4)主語+as well as/with/together with/except 等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，隨后的動詞形式也取決于主語本身的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The father, as well as his sons, is going to Beijing tomorrow.
The manager with some workers was working during the summer holiday.
Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident.
No one except two girls was late for the dinner.
4.以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題
1)以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語
a.數(shù)量概念被看做一個整體，動詞用單數(shù)；被看做一個個的個體，則動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；
Three years is too short a time, the senior high school headmaster warned.
There are 3 dollars in each of the stockings.6
b.主語由“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of +詞組”構(gòu)成，其動詞的形式依 of 后
名詞類別而定；
Two thirds of the water is polluted.
Two thirds of the students are boys.
Over sixty percent of the the city was destroyed in the war.
Thirty-five percent of the doctors in Shekou Hospital are women.
c.主語由“one in/one out of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，其后動詞通常用單數(shù)；
One in(out of) ten students has failed the exam.
d.加減乘除運算一般用單數(shù)，加和乘頁可用復(fù)數(shù)。
40 minus 15 is 25.
40 divided by 8 is 5.
7 plus 4 is/are 11.
5 times 8 is/are 40.
2)以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語
a.主語由 most of…，some of…，all of…等構(gòu)成，其后的動詞形式依 of 后名詞類別而定；
Most of the money we used today is made of paper.
Most of the teachers are women in our company.
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.
Half of the students were absent yesterday because of the flu.
b.主語由 lots of, loads of, plenty of 等構(gòu)成，其后的動詞形式依 of 后名詞類別而定；
Lots of food is going to be wasted.
Lots of people are waiting outside.
Plenty of sugar is imported from Cuba.
Plenty of apples have been picked from the trees.
c.主語由 a portion of, a series of, a pile of 等構(gòu)成，其后的動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
Only a portion of your previous working experience is related to teaching.
A series of accidents has been reported.
There is a pile of books on the table.
d.主語由“many/more than one+名詞”等構(gòu)成，其意義雖屬于多
數(shù)，但隨后的動詞仍遵循“語法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。
I met him many a time in the bus.
More than one person has been concerned in this affair.
e.主語由“an average of/a majority of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”構(gòu)成，其后的動詞形式通常用復(fù)數(shù)。
An average of 10 students are absent each day.
A majority of Taiwanese believe in Buddhism and Taoism.
f.主語由限定詞+kind/type/sort of+名詞等構(gòu)成，分為兩種情況：
�、僭� a kind/type/sort of+名詞，this kind/type/sort of+名詞之后，動詞用單數(shù)。
There is a kind of rose, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
This kind of man annoys me.
This type of car is old-fashioned.
�、谠� these kinds of+名詞, many/several kinds of+名詞之后，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
There are many kinds of different snake in the mountains.
These kinds of insects are harmful.
These types of car are imported from Japan.
5.其他方面的主謂一致問題
1)由 what，who，why 等引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，其后動詞用單數(shù)；
What caused the accident is a mystery.
Whether this will be successful or not is still difficult to
predict. 注意：兩個由 and 連接的并列名詞性從句作主語表示兩件事情，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery.
2)由不定式和 ing 分詞做主語時，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)；
To eat well is all he asks;
Playing tennis is a very good exercise.
3)在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，其后的動詞通常按語法一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)。
He is one of my friends who help me a lot.
Maria is one of those people who are always happy. 注意：這類結(jié)構(gòu)之前有定冠詞 the/the only 時，其后動詞依 one 而定用單數(shù)。
Wendy is the only one of those girls who is still insist on running in the morning.
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